Impact of terrorism on tourism in kenya pdf

To achieve the purpose, the study analyzed the effect of. The purpose of this research study was to analyze the effects of terrorism on international tourists who have visited kenya. Terrorism in kenya by koome gikunda graduating senior introduction kenya has been the battlefield of tragic terrorist attacks on western interests twice since 1998 once in 1998 when the us embassy was attacked and a second time in 2002 when a israeliowned paradise hotel was bombed. Terrorism acts in the past kenya has had its fair share of terrorism attacks, some of which directly targeted tourists. Effect of terrorism on demand for tourism in kenya.

However, shortrun effects showed terrorism had negative and significant effects on tourism. Jun 29, 2015 the direct contribution of travel and tourism to tunisias gdp was expected to grow by 3. Furthermore, no rigorous empirical studies have been published for kenya despite the prominent role the tourism sector plays in the economy. This has partly been exacerbated by the ongoing insurgency of a myriad of militia groups, especially fanned by the somaliabased militants al. They offer the example of the downward spike of visits to the kenyan coast by foreigners, following the 1998 attack in nairobi and the 2002 kikambala bombings in mombasa.

According to ritchie 2004 a competent and strong plan for managing disaster is crucial for the tourism sector. Only a few studies have attempted to study the effect of terrorism on tourism in africa. The economic shock of terrorism on other popular tourist destinations are however very different. The kurdish conflict resumed in the southeast of turkey, and several attacks have hit turkish soil.

How kenyas tourism industry has felt the impact of terrorist attacks. Attacks, including terrorist kidnappings, could target westerners, including british nationals. Terrorism in kenya has affected the tourism industry. Pdf the impact of terrorism on tourism destination image. How the recent terrorist attack in a nairobi mall that left at least 66 dead will impact tourism is a major concern in kenya where tourism accounts for. The impact of terrorism on a states economy may be enormous, leading to unemployment, homelessness, deflation, crime and other economic and social ills.

While terrorism is a global phenomenon, africa seems to bear the greatest brunt of it, largely due to limited military resources and ongoing economic deprivation, which has lured many young people. Research questions this paper analyzes the impact of terrorism on tourism especially on european cities such as paris and brussels. The impact of terrorism on tourism is quite visible in the country. In reality the quotation relates to the global impact of terrorist attacks and shows how the multiplier effect can work in reverse. The impact of terrorism on foreign direct investment in kenya solomon kinyanjui1. To achieve the purpose, the study analyzed the effect of terrorism on tourist behavior, the effect of tourists awareness of terrorism on destination. Tourism is kenya s biggest source of foreign earnings after tea. Quarterly data spanning 2010q1 to 20q4, sourced from the kenyan national bureau of statistics, for 27 developed and 34 emerging countries is used. Tourism is kenyas biggest source of foreign earnings after tea. Case study of kenya article pdf available in ssrn electronic journal april 2011 with 9,246 reads how we measure reads. Hereby this paper provides a holistic overview of the topic on terrorism on tourism industry in europe. Compared to other forms of violence such as homicide, armed conflict, and military expenditure, terrorism is a small percentage of the total global cost of violence, which was equal to 14. Analysing the impact of terrorism on kenya tourism essay.

This article uses a dynamic panel data model to analyse the effects of terrorism on demand for tourism in kenya. Department of state and the fbi announced that they have partnered with kenya to establish the first ever joint terrorism task force jttf outside of the united states. The bomber was identified as a 20 year old from the caucasus region, which is a volatile region with insurgents fighting to separate from russia. In 1997, politically instigated ethnical clashes between the local communities in the. Impact of terrorism on economic development in africa. Just as with the madrid attacks in 2004 and the london bombings in 2005, tourism to both spain and the uk was only lightly affected. In 1998, the us embassy in nairobi was bombed, as was the israeliowned paradise hotel in 2002. The aim of the present study is to assess empirically the effect of terrorism on tourism flows to kenya. Tourism is one of the largest sectors in the world. The impact of terrorism on tourism veena april 10, 2016 features, miscellaneous, news, tourismrelated comments off on the impact of terrorism on tourism 2,627 views related articles. Oct 25, 2009 the impact of terrorism on a states economy may be enormous, leading to unemployment, homelessness, deflation, crime and other economic and social ills. In 1980, the jewishowned norfolk hotel was attacked by the palestine liberation organization plo. Tourism impacts economies through three interrelated routes i.

In some instances, terrorism may impact specific industries as 911 did on airlines and tourism drakos, 2004. These impacts and the structure of the tourism sector determine the sectors economic impact on a country. Jackson this thesis studies the effect terrorism has on tourism between developing and. World bank concludes that ssa could be on the cusp of an economic takeoff, much like china was 30 years ago, and india was 20 years ago. Evaluating kenyas tourism crisis the purpose of this paper is to provide information that can aid in the development of a crisis management plan for kenya.

The authors state that no research has directly examined the time path of tourist visits to test if shocks have permanent or transitory effects. Terrorism, and insecurity generally, is largely responsible for the sectors poor performance over. International journal of religious tourism and pilgrimage. Sep 24, 20 how the recent terrorist attack in a nairobi mall that left at least 66 dead will impact tourism is a major concern in kenya where tourism accounts for one in 10 jobs, 20% of exports and 12. In 2018, 71 countries experienced at least one death from terrorism, which is the second highest number of countries recording one or more deaths in the past twenty years, and a slight. How kenyas tourism industry has felt the impact of terrorist. Harnessing tourism for growth and improved livelihoods 5 ssa tourism sectors must maintain competitiveness through. However, tourism increased 3% from 2014 with some estimated 86. Pdf pterrorist attacks have escalated over the recent years in kenya, with adverse effects on the tourism industry. Buigut and amendah 2015 show that terrorism has indeed significantly affected tourist arrivals and earnings in kenya.

The impact of kenyas recent terrorist attack will be felt greatly by its tourism industry. Top 5 ways terrorism impacts the economy investopedia. International travel and tourism is a significant contributor to economic growth and development, with worldwide growth in international tourist arrivals outpacing national income growth one out of every two years over the past 30 years. The quality of their tourism assets high standards in visitor accommodation ef. Although the total number of deaths from terrorism has fallen, the impact of terrorism remains widespread. When one thinks of the effect that acts of terrorism has on the tourism and hospitality industry it is safe to say that the effect definitely is a negative one and instantly eradicates tourist. Terrorism data has become more important to the tourism and travel industry since the attacks on september 11, 2001. There is a heightened threat of terrorism, including terrorist kidnappings, across kenya. Impact of terrorism and violent extremism on the kenyan. Impact of violent extremism and recruitment of spouses on.

How kenyas tourism industry has felt the impact of. Mar 28, 2016 the impact of terrorism on tourism is quite visible in the country. These attacks killed more than 1,400 people and wounded more than 5,800 others. Developed vs developing countries alexi simos thompson master of science, august 9, 2008 b. As much as tourism helps the country and its citizens develop and thrive, there are negatives that must be considered. Dec 14, 2014 tourism, like anything else, has an impact on kenya both directly and indirectly. In 1980, jewishowned norfolk hotel was attacked by the plo. The main objective of this study is to determine the impact of terrorism of fdi in kenya. Kenya has been the scene of various attacks attributed to terrorist elements. The effects of terrorism on the travel and tourism industry. Terrorism is without a doubt, one of the biggest challenges facing kenya and the world in general, serving as major threat to security and the economy. The impact of tourism on both economic growth and employment is clearly positive. Another cost is the expensive security measures that must be instituted.

Short term impact will likely be minimal on tourism demand on 24 january 2011, a suicide bomber attacked the arrivals gate at domodedovo airport, leaving 36 dead and injuring over 100. Economic analysis of the impact of terrorist attacks on tourism this paper uses economic analysis to explore the duration of the impact of events such as terrorist attacks on the tourist economy. Hotels were almost collapsing and thousands of kenyans lost their jobs. Published by the national council for law reporting. Additionally, travel and tourism created another 7. Iima old campus ahmedabad380009, gujarat, india abstract. A recent tourism market report indicated that when terrorist attacks take place in areas already. For example, an initial decline of tourism may cause a negative impact on employment, homelessness, crime and other economic and social implications which are caused by terrorism, crime and the closure of borders.

In 20, the militant group alshabaab killed 67 people at nairobis westgate shopping mall. Tourism is one of the key industries driving the current change and tourism could be a transformative tool within this takeoff. The contribution of tourism and travel to both industrialized and developing countries is now so great that any downturns in the level of activity in the industry are a cause of concern. The impact of terrorism and conflicts on growth in asia. The impact of alshabab terrorist attacks in kenya munin.

Jackson this thesis studies the effect terrorism has on tourism between developing and developed countries. The kenyaled team will be based in nairobi, will follow the u. More than half of the terrorist attacks in kenya were concentrated in six cities. The author assesses the impact from the spate of violent shocks from the postelection. Apr 10, 2016 the impact of terrorism on tourism veena april 10, 2016 features, miscellaneous, news, tourism related comments off on the impact of terrorism on tourism 2,627 views related articles. Background report alshabaab attack on garissa university in.

The impact of terrorism on the travel and tourism industry cant help but be noticed as well. The first section covers the shortterm impact of the attacks and the crisis management decisions taken by the authori. National consortium for the study of terrorism and responses to terrorism start. The impact of terrorism on foreign direct investment in kenya.

Alshabaabs influence on terrorism in kenya between 1970 and 2014 there were more than 440 terrorist attacks in kenya. This section presents relevant literature of the effect of terrorism on the fdi and the trends of fdi in kenya. The impact of terrorism on tourism destination image and development article pdf available october 2018 with 2,652 reads how we measure reads. Lastly, most of the tourists perceived kenya to be a safe tourist destination. An econometric exploration by kaushik basu amrut mody school of management, ahmedabad university, and vikram sarabhai marg opp. This study looks at the impact that terrorism has on tourism levels, gross domestic product, and foreign. The shifting landscape of terrorism 48 emerging hotspots of terrorism 51. This paper analyses the economic consequences of terrorism, both in terms of immediate policy response in the aftermath of the attacks and of mediumterm policy implications for regulatory, trade and fiscal policy. But its a mixed bag when it comes to evaluating the impact of tourism dollars on the economy. This research is focused on understanding the impact of terrorism in africa, how terrorism has affected economies in africa and kenya economy focus on the foreign direct investment from 2010 to 2015. Impact of violent extremism and recruitment of spouses on widows in the coastal region of kenya radicalization1 and violent extremism ve 1 have been on an apparent increase across east africa. Several scholars assert that the mostreferredto economic impact of terrorist attacks in kenya is that on the tourism sector njogu, 2007.

The university of southern mississippi the aquila digital. Intensity of terror attack measured by fatalities significantly reduces tourist arrivals from developed countries but not from emerging countries. We use annual data from 2010 to 20 for a widely dispersed set of 124 countries of origin covering europe, asia, the americas and africa. Pdf modelling the temporal effect of terrorism on tourism in kenya. This paper uses dynamic panel model to compare the effect of terrorism on developed and emerging country demand for tourism in kenya. Effect of terrorism on demand for tourism in kenya steven.

The direct contribution of travel and tourism to tunisias gdp was expected to grow by 3. Jan 23, 2019 the impact of kenyas recent terrorist attack will be felt greatly by its tourism industry. Policy brief articulating the pathways of the impact of. By shocks, they imply an event, such as terrorism or war, which can significantly alter the time path of the variable under scrutiny.